Samuel Adams and the Question of Independence

Clockwise from top: 1772 portrait of Samuel Adams pointing to the Massachusetts Charter by John Singleton Copley; Benjamin Franklin portrait by Joseph Duplessis, circa 1785; official Thomas Jefferson portrait by Rembrandt Peale, 1800; Joseph Warren portrait by John Singleton Copley, circa 1765.

Updated: March 30, 2026 On April 3, 1776—just three months before the Declaration of Independence—Samuel Adams wrote from Philadelphia, where he was serving as a Massachusetts delegate to the Second Continental Congress. In a letter to fellow Massachusetts native Reverend Samuel Cooper of Boston, he posed a striking question: “Is not America already independent? Why […]